I asked Rand Paul's staff. The claim: Rand Paul's medical license was revoked. He earned his medical degree from Duke University School of Medicine in 1988, completed his general surgery fellowship in 1993, and began practicing in Bowling Creek, Kentucky.. US senator Randal Rand Paul and Dr Anthony Fauci sparred during a senate health hearing yesterday, prompting those who witnessed the debate to think about senator Pauls medical background. In 2008, Rand Paul campaigned door-to-door for his father's Presidential election. played defensive back on the football team, Celebrate Dr. Seuss's birthday with these 37 heartwarming quotes, How do you say 'Happy St David's Day' in Welsh? The KBML does not require board certification for licensure, the Washington Post reported. ", In a free country, you would think people would honor the idea that each individual would get to make the medical decision, that it wouldnt be a big brother coming to tell me what I have to do.". Bill to sanction groups involved in Chinas bloody human organ harvesting industry advances in the House, Whitmer's $79B budget proposal chock full of protections for equity, inclusion and 'reproductive freedom', Sununu pushes back on DeSantis' crusade against 'woke' corporations: 'That's not what Republicans are about', These Biden administration agencies have admitted COVID lab leak is plausible. A little. hide caption. [2] Paul was a candidate for the Republican nomination in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. He announced his recovery two weeks later, on 7 April. Paul added in the interview that he chose Shouldice because it offers the surgery that he needed at the right price. The Kentucky Republican asserted that a unified public rejection of restrictions intended to stem the spread of the virus would be too much for the government to handle and that petty tyrants and bureaucrats would be forced to drop mask mandates and similar policies. In March 2013, Paul took the Senate floor for 12 hours and 52 minutes in what Slate called a "(mostly) one-man show" of a filibuster, ahead of a vote to confirm John Brennan as the director of the Central Intelligence Agency. "Do you think that they're going to recognize a competitor?" Republican Senator Rand Paul is a Kentucky politician and physician. Doctors, nurses and anesthesiologists volunteer their time to provide medical and surgical care. Rand Paul has been one of the leading opponents of Covid mask mandates and other preventative measures, calling for people to "resist" them. Nopemuch, much worse. Sen. Rand Paul (R-Ky.) decided not to wear a protective mask when he returned to the Senate for work this week, claiming that he has immunity from COVID-19 after getting infected with it in . By April Siese. U.S. infectious disease expert Dr. Anthony Fauci called out Republican Sen. Rand Paul during a . Even now - after the inauguration of Joe Biden as the 46th president, after the January 6 riot at the US Capitol, after the myriad lawsuit dismissals - Rand Paul can't bring himself to say that. Rand Paul's Summer Break Eye Surgeries - Truth! 2023 FOX News Network, LLC. Market data provided by Factset. Whereas licensure is a one-size-fits-all blanket of general adequacy, certification is granted by a specialty board to indicate competency in a specific field such as ophthalmology (or medicine or surgery or psychiatry). According to Healthcare Bluebook, a hernia repair in the United States costs between $3,421 and $12,365, or up to $19,179 for a laparoscopic repair. First came this exchange between Paul and TechCrunch founder Michael Arrington: ARRINGTON:Lets talk about economics because maybe you can actually explain this to me. You've successfully subscribed to this newsletter! "I think that we need to have people who are willing to reclaim their place in regular life after politics and not just say, 'You go into politics and that's what you're going to do forever,'" Paul told CNN. Privacy. He also writes academic medical articles that are at times pretty tough sledding. And here are five other things that might surprise you about Paul. It is humiliating and infuriating and insulting and a waste of time and money. Kentucky Sen. Rand Paul announced his bid for the White House Tuesday on his website. Fauci replied to Paul, saying: You are implying that what we did was responsible for the deaths of individuals. The speech aimed to increase criticism of the Obama administration's drone policy. I have a biology degree, okay? BuzzFeed later found another similar instance where Paul recited word-for-word text from the Wikipedia entry for the movie Stand and Deliver in a June 2013 speech on immigration. Paul, whose father, Ron Paul, is a Texas congressman and former presidential candidate, said he is a good physician with thousands of patients. He was certified by the American Academy of Ophthalmogy but as you noted chose not to recertify in protest of their decision to make younger doctors renew their certification but not older ones. Rand Paul attended Baylor University from 1981 to 1984, during which time he completed his pre-med requirements. Fact check: Rand Paul is still licensed to practice ophthalmology | Quorum Call Fact check: Rand Paul is still licensed to practice ophthalmology Latest News & Information for the U.S. Senate Home Paul, Rand - (R - KY) Fact check: Rand Paul is still licensed to practice ophthalmology August 16, 2021 Paul, Rand - (R - KY) 1 SHARES Share Tweet "And I don't choose to give my money to a private group that discriminates.". No, he decided to cast it as a high-end moral stance against groups that discriminategroups like the American Board of Ophthalmology. That license expired on December 31, 2014, and it has not been renewed since then, according to the Pennsylvania Licensing System Verification Service, courtesy of the Pennsylvania Department of State. Sen. Paul says, "Dr. Bowers was nice enough to donate her time and her facility on a Wednesday. Here is a look at some of Paul's most controversial beliefs, in his own words: 1. Getty Images Earlier this month, long-time critic of socialized medicine Sen. Rand Paul (R-Ky.) created quite a. The Republican told radio host John Catsimatidis that he was refusing the jab until he saw more "evidence that people who have already had the infection are dying in large numbers or being hospitalized or getting very sick. Also, getting into an ophthalmology residency indicates that Rand Paul did not finish at the bottom of his medical school class. Ophthalmologist, and U.S. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Senator Paul will never again be able to treat patients. At a U.S. Senate hearing earlier this week, Sen. Rand Paul (R-Ky.) accused Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, of lying about research. He believes the organization must take a stand against members who wish to harm their patients and the general public. "Are they going to tell me that I have to eat carrots only and cut my calories? All of this would be OK with me; I just took the frigging recertification test in my field and I hated every minute of it. While Paul publicly acknowledged this fact about his professional life and offered an explanation, Birx did not do the same after National File exclusively published the story in April that Birx does not have a current medical license. Two sources state that Paul moved to Texas AFTER completing his military service IN the Texas Air National Guard. U.S. government data suggests that 150,000 to 320,000 Americans travel abroad each year for medical care, whats known as medical tourism. But with Bitcoin my concern always was whether or not something has real value. For many Americans living along the border, Canadian clinics and hospitals may also be closer than the nearest American facility. In two instances highlighted by Washington Post fact-checker Glenn Kessler, Paul falsely suggested that he had obtained undergraduate degrees. "Theres a lot of government assistance, there are still some people that fall through the cracks and wait and wait and wait. On January 5, 2011, rand Paul was sworn in as a senator. "And it is signed by Rand Paul, M.D.! Paul was a practicing medical doctor ( ophthalmology) in Bowling Green, Kentucky from 1993 until his election to the Senate in 2010. Before 1992, ABO certification had no expiration, she said. He likened it to members of Congress passing laws that don't apply to themselves. In 1995, the senator founded the Southern Kentucky Lions Eye Clinic, an organization that provides eye exams and surgery to needy families and individuals. Since Senate ethics rules prohibit Paul from practicing medicine for profit while he's in Congress, Paul has performed several pro-bono surgeries over the past few years. So I could imagine a kind of coin that was exchangeable. Paul claimed that Fauci wont admit the truth prior to his speaking time expiring. Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI, 12 Treat Yourself Valentines Day Gifts Were Buying in the Name of Self-Care, 20 Super-Affordable Amazon Products to Keep You Healthy in 2023, What to Know About a Combined Colonoscopy and Endoscopy. At a tea party in Kentucky, Rand Paul gave his first political speech as a Republican senator candidate on April 15, 2009. Ophthalmology covers vision services (as in glasses and contact lenses) as well as treatment and prevention of medical disorders of the eye including surgery. The motto of I will abstain from all intentional wrong-doing and harm can be found in many doctors offices. He tried Monday to bat away questions about it by calling it an attack on his livelihood, saying the scrutiny stems from his challenge of a powerful medical group over a certification policy he thought was unfair. In order to qualify as a patient, you have to be uninsured and meet a certain income criteria. or redistributed. Sen. Rand Paul was a doctor before he was a politician and he spent part of his spring recess in the operating room, keeping in practice for what he says is the day he returns to medicine. This is from memory so the details are fuzzy. Bowers was nice enough to donate her time and her facility on a Wednesday. In the US, ophthalmologists must complete four years of college, four years of medical school, and four to five years of additional specialised training. In the 1980s, American medicine decided that it should police itself. Paul founded the Southern Kentucky Lions Eye Clinic, which provides free exams and surgeries to those in need, in 1995. Add to this the stronger U.S. dollar, and Paul could be saving money over an out-of-pocket procedure in his home state of Kentucky. At-home hormone tests are a great starting point to get the health information you need. The risk in the pile-on is that a real doozie will get missed, lost in the daily torrent. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, We are at a moment of truth and a crossroads. Senator from Kentucky, Dr. Rand Paul partnered with Dr. Barbara Bowers through a program called Surgery on Sundays. Fact check: Rand Paul's office confirms he did not call for a judge to subpoena antifa Paul's medical license is active. The Louisville Courier Journal reports that the procedure in Canada will cost an estimated $5,000 to $8,000. I noticed some blurriness going on in my right eye so I made an eye appointment with the local doctor where I live and thats where I learned I had cataracts," Greggory said. At-home biomarker tests can screen for fertility, heart health, STIs, and certain cancers. Paul graduated from Duke University Medical School in 1988 and completed a general surgery internship at Georgia Baptist Medical Center in Atlanta, Georgia. Paul and Doctor Fauci went head-to-head during a Senate hearing on July 20, 2021, over whether the US National Institutes of Health-funded research at a lab in Wuhan, China, the alleged place where the virus originated. Additionally, Paul is still able to legally practice medicine, and does so regularly, while Birx is not. Shortly afterwards, he started volunteering at a hospital in Bowling Green, Kentucky, where hed received his first job as a practising ophthalmologist. Legal Statement. If you're Dr. Rand Paul, practicing ophthalmologist, the answer is emphatically yes. Rand Paul's case is interesting. As Christians, we have an obligation. Speaking against abortion rights activists, the senator allegedly lifted four lines from the entry. I choose freedom. Senator Rand Paul has chosen politics over science-based medicine. While Pauls role in the Senate has necessitated a deep knowledge of public health since the Chinese coronavirus emerged from Wuhan and spread to nearly every part of the planet, it should be noted that his job does not require vast medical knowledge and the majority of U.S. Canada is very easy to get to for Americans. Here's a newsflash for Sen. Paul: Millennials come in all races, religions, genders and . The old geezers who made up the test requirements built a nice little loophole for themselves: They excluded themselves from having to recertifyinstead they were grandfathered in. Does Mexico Have Better Healthcare Than the United States? "We're excited about that," the senator said. Paul and his relatives receive no salaries from the organization, his campaign said. Slembarski said that certification through the ABO reflects "an extra commitment by physicians to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in this specialty.". The Kentucky senator was enrolled at the Texas Christian college, where he studied biology and English, from fall 1981 to summer 1984. Kentucky Senator Rand Paul just lost his license to practice medicine, The American Medical Association (AMA) revoked the ophthalmologist's ability due to "ethical concerns" and Paul's. A spokesman for the senator later argued to the paper that a medical degree is a biology degree. At the time, Duke Universitys graduate school didnt require an undergraduate degree for entry. The eye doctor isnt properly certified? He grew up in Lake Jackson, Texas, and went to Brazoswood High School, where he was on the swimming team and played defensive back on the football team. Confronting Dr. Anthony Fauci at a Senate committee hearing on the COVID-19 pandemic, Sen. Rand Paul argued that researchers from UNC-Chapel Hill and across the United States collaborated with. He set up the Southern Kentucky Lions Eye Clinic two years later and told the National Review in 2013 he has performed more than 100 pro bono surgeries. The origin of the oath is commonly attributed to the Greek physician Hippocrates(460370 BC). All rights reserved. Vanity Fair reported, the American Board of Medical Specialists says that Rand Paul hasnt been a certified physician since 2005, though they noted that Paul is aware of this and has let his license lapse, as it did in 2006, intentionally as a form of protest to the loose requirements for established doctors. By . After that, it started issuing certifications that lasted 10 years, but ophthalmologists certified before 1992 were grandfathered in, meaning they didn't have to be recertified. But whatever my other qualms with Rand Paul's . We just decided what was wrong and we all came to the same conclusion pretty quickly and we worked together. Greeting pronunciation explained, earned his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1988, {{#media.media_details}} {{#media.focal_point}}. Rand initially did the right thing and became certified; but when his 10 years were up, he decided hed had enough and chose not to recertify. Copyright 2023 Salon.com, LLC. Paul casts himself as a political outsider spent years building his medical practice in Bowling Green before making his first run for elective office. YouTube permanently bans Senator Rand Paul, Religious Leaders Sue Gravity Over Religious ". But the most damning incident occurred when The Washington Times ended the senator's weekly column after a review of his work found that he copied a passage from The Week magazine that had been published a week prior. He co-founded the Southern Kentucky Lions Eye Clinic in 1995. The story, though, turned out to be much less sensational than the initial hype Paul will be visiting a private hospital and paying out-of-pocket. Mutual Fund and ETF data provided by Refinitiv Lipper. Rather, he organized his own certifying program for ophthalmology based right there in his hometown of Bowling Green. Upon completion of his training in 1993, Dr. Paul and Kelley moved to Bowling Green to start their family and begin his ophthalmology practice. The senator told Politico that performing the surgeries was a nice break from his work on Capitol Hill. Contrast Canadas system to that of the United States, where Americans are covered by a mix of private and government insurance programs, with 13.7 percent having no coverage at all as of the fourth quarter of 2018. "I don't think that some people should recertify and others shouldn't," he said. The Truth: Rand Paul does perform pro bono eye surgeries, according to a statement from Paul's communication director to the POLITICO website. Canadas medical system is publicly funded and universally provided, which is very anti-Paul he once compared the right to healthcare to slavery in a 2011 senate hearing. In the late 1990s, Paul was a driving force behind forming the National Board of Ophthalmology to protest the ABO's exemption policy. Conway's campaign said it shows Paul doesn't want to be held to the same standards as other doctors. SALON is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office as a trademark of Salon.com, LLC. Nonresidents, of course, can still get emergency medical care when traveling in Canada. RAND PAUL: Kentucky Senator Has More Current Medical Creds Than COVID Expert Deborah Birx, Bidens Jab Mandate Bars Legendary Tennis Player Novak Djokovic From Miami Open, Virginia: Deep Blue Charlottesville Invents Liberation Day to Celebrate Confederate Surrender of City, Gay Mayor Mentored by Pete Buttigieg Arrested on 56 Child Sex Charges, Ireland: Sex Crimes Have Spiked 76% Since 2011, Video: White Kids Attacked, Held Hostage by Black Peers, Forced to Swear Allegiance to BLM, South Carolina Democrat Alex Murdaugh Found Guilty of Murdering Wife and Son, Pink Floyds Roger Waters Unleashes Epic Monologue Against Biden Officials On Ukraine War, St. Louis: Man Filmed Killing Homeless Man in Execution-Style Slaying, Katie Hobbs And Arizona Republicans PUSH OUT A CPS Director Who Wants To Stop Child Kidnapping, American Citizen Jackson Hinkle Added to Ukraines CIA-Backed Kill List, ATF Honors Agents Who Kicked Off the Waco Slaughter of Women, Children, Stew Peters Calls for Kevin McCarthys Removal as Speaker Over J6 Cover Up, according to the Pennsylvania Licensing System Verification Service. Rand is a licensed MD in the state of Kentucky and has always kept that current. They cant arrest all of us, Paul said in the video. And what exactly was their discriminatory practice? It's time for us to stand up to . Government shouldn't require private businesses to serve customers of all races. Ophthalmologist-turned-politician Rand Paul may have a medical degree from Duke University, but the Kentucky senator and likely 2016 presidential candidate never completed his undergraduate education at Baylor University. He founded the Southern Kentucky Lions Eye Clinic in 1995 to provide eye exams and surgeries to patients and families in need . Its also disrespectful to the oddball but often courageous stances of his father and other giants of the right willing to fight on principle. Preventive healthcare is key to staying healthy and detecting problems early on, before they cause other issues or become harder to treat. superdestroyer says: Sunday, 15 February 2015 at 19:47 Right now the Canadian dollar is sitting at 75 cents to the U.S. dollar. But despite it having been discussed by doctors in testimony before Congress, it is not proven to . He was re-elected to a second term in 2016, and won a third term in 2022. Senator Rand Paul is an ophthalmologist who, since 2005, has not been certified to practice medicine by any board recognized by the state of Kentucky, and reportedly has not been certified by any . Throughout history, the AMA has always followed its mission: to promote the art and science of medicine and the betterment of public health. He made his 1.5 million dollar fortune with United States Senator. And that's where certification comes in. The campaign for his Democratic rival, Kentucky Attorney General Jack Conway, said the episode raises serious questions about Paul's character. During his 2010 Senate campaign, Paul faced criticism for not correcting an interviewer who described him as "a graduate of Baylor University.". The senator from Kentucky said he sees no point in getting vaccinated because he . "Fauci then attended medical school at Cornell University Medical College where he graduated first in his class with a Doctor of Medicine in 1966. Rand Paul started practising as an ophthalmologist in 1993 in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Rand Paul received his state-issued medical licence in 1993. While this is not illegal, it's certainly unusual. 2023 ABC News Internet Ventures. Careers Workplace and Religion Columnists, Recreation Outdoors and Religion Columnists, Religious Music and Entertainment Columnists, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Rand Paul has investments in multiple Fortune 500 companies through which he earns over 22% return annually. Rand is a licensed physician. Ophthalmologist, and U.S. Senator Rand Paul is an ophthalmologist who, since 2005, has not been certified to practice medicine by any board recognized by the state of Kentucky, and reportedly has not been certified. He turned 30 in the same year. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Rand Paul: Questions from Weyk Global (Trending on Google). The senator accused the US health institute of funding gain-of-function research, which he claims ultimately led to the outbreak. Explore the world's faith through different perspectives on religion and spirituality! And, some of them having trouble driving, doing the things they need to do because of their cataracts, so I think theres still a need for things like this," Paul said. He began practicing ophthalmology in 1993. A disagreement between Republican Sen. Rand Paul and Dr. Anthony Fauci has put $600,000 of U.S. grant money to the Wuhan Institute of Virology back into the spotlight, while making. Paul, who is continuing to practice in Bowling Green during the campaign, chafed Monday at questions about his certification. The politician is married to Kelley Ashby, his starsign is Capricorn and he is now 60 years of age. Please have your Passports Ready. He is listed as the group's president; his wife, Kelley, is listed as vice president; and his father-in-law is listed as secretary. The . The oath is taken by physicians. Scarcely a day passes that we dont find out something new and objectionable about Dr. Rand Paul. After publication, Pauls office provided a statement to National File, clarifying that Paul actually has more current medical credentials than Birx as he can still legally practice medicine. Reproduction of material from any Salon pages without written permission is strictly prohibited. Kentucky Sen. Rand Paul said researchers won't study the toxic livestock-deworming drug ivermectin as a potential COVID treatment because of their dislike for former President Donald Trump.. The similarity between the two countries, in terms of language and the healthcare systems, also makes it easier for Americans to head north for medical care. The story highlights an ongoing, and rising, trend of Americans leaving the country in search of medical care. Being a conscientious objector or pissed off adult simply wasnt good enough. One of its major tenets is to do no harm. Jeremy Snyder, PhD, a professor of health sciences at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, said Canada has some advantages as a medical tourist destination for Americans. It means you believe in slavery.. Read on to see if its right for you. "There's a philosophic debate which often gets me in trouble, you know, on whether health care's a right or not," he said at a Q&A at the University of Louisville. They cant keep all of your kids home from school. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Paul practiced ophthalmology for 18 years before becoming a senator for Kentucky in 2010. He is a pretty good baseball player. Some lifestyle choices can make a big difference when it comes to your mental and physical well-being. Fauci reiterated: I have never lied before the Congress, and I do not retract that statement.. "I think we as physicians have an obligation. Rand Paul revealed he would not be getting the COVID-19 vaccine. Libertarian Rand Paul, the eye doctor turned Republican Senate candidate in Kentucky, may not be a "board-certified" ophthalmologist, as he reportedly claimed . He said the group has since recertified several hundred ophthalmologists, despite not being recognized the American Board of Medical Specialties -- the governing group for two dozen medical specialty boards. With budget and quality in mind, we vetted 20 highly-rated skin, fitness, nutrition, A combined colonoscopy and endoscopy helps doctors diagnose the cause of gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain or persistent heartburn, The scopolamine patch minimizes nausea and vomiting caused by motion sickness or medications. Kentucky Sen. Rand Paul announced his bid for the White House Tuesday on his website. Despite lacking an undergraduate degree, Paul went on to graduate from Duke's medical school in 1988. He also says he would've voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964. A spokesman for the senator subsequently clarified that he does not, in fact, hold degrees in English and biology, as he'd claimed. Rand, the middle of five children, was the son of Ron Paul, a physician who . You do not know what you are talking about.. He still has a license to practice in Kentucky which doesn't require doctors to be . Facebook posts. Eligibility for licensure is granted after graduating medical school and after passing a series of difficult standardized exams prepared by the National Board of Medical Examiners. His father Ron Paul, also a physician, gained notoriety in the late-1980s as a presidential nominee for the Libertarian Party, but there are signs the younger Paul is moving more mainstream Republican. Read more for our picks and how to choose the best test for. Paul is a graduate of Duke University School of Medicine. This isn't the first time Paul has landed in hot water for how he's handled his college record. Powered and implemented by FactSet Digital Solutions. It's "an amazing thing to see someone sit up and be able to see better," Paul, an opthalmologist, told CNN. It gets even more complicated, but hang in there; Rand is hoping the distinctions are just too subtle for anyone to really care about. Corrections. He founded an eye care clinic to aid low-income people. The senator, who tested positive for COVID-19 in March, didn't wear a mask to the Senate even though experts don't yet have definitive proof of immunity. Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly said that the National Board of Medical Examiners was roughly the equivalent of the American Bar Association. Beth Ann Slembarski, administrator for the American Board of Ophthalmology, said less than 5 percent of the nation's practicing ophthalmologists aren't certified through her organization. U.S. Sen. Rand Paul plans to undergo hernia surgery at a private hospital in Canada because of injuries he suffered when a neighbor tackled him while he was doing yard work at his Kentucky home . Healthline reached out to Pauls office for further comment, but has not received an immediate reply. On 7-1-1963 Rand Paul (nickname: Randal Howard Paul) was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Cataract surgery can be expensive, costing out-of-pocket patients thousands of dollars. The pro bono work helps the senator keep his surgical skills sharp so he can eventually return to the medical field, he said. On 5th January 2011, Rand officially became the Senator of Kentucky. And here Paul does appear to speak for his generation: He has given us the finest example yet of yuppie selfishness in senescence. Mr. Paul said he was concerned that the bill would allow excessive penalties against people who commit more minor, racially motivated acts of violence, like slapping or pushing. What Are the Side Effects of the Scopolamine Patch? He got his medical degree from Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine after being pre-med at Providence College in Rhode Island, according to Doximity. But it can be a little bit harder for patients to determine where the highest quality services are, because of language differences and differences in the regulatory environment.. This gets back to the whole idea, does money have to be exchangeable for something to be of value?. Mutual Fund and ETF data provided by Refinitiv Lipper. Why was there a shelter-in-place in La Porte, Texas? stated on February 20, 2023 in a Facebook post: President Joe Biden was "shot" in a "behind-the-scenes execution.". Once completed, licensure is forever (assuming a person behaves and isn't a total disaster). For some medical procedures, going to Canada might be cheaper than staying in the United States. Paul, a Republican from Kentucky who is believed to also have his eye on the White House, performed pro-bono cataract surgeries on Tuesday for four patients who do not have insurance at an eye-surgery clinic in Paducah, Ky., during Congress' current spring recess. Stay in touch! In 1995, the senator founded the Southern Kentucky Lions Eye Clinic, an organization that provides eye exams and surgery to needy families and individuals.
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